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'They fight fire for you'
Tracy Stone-Manning, a longtime Missoula resident who was director of the federal Bureau of Land Management under former President Joe Biden, and who is now president of The Wilderness Society, addressed the loss of firefighting capacity in
her remarks at the Hands Off Our Public Lands Rally in Missoula on Sunday.
"Those folks in charge, they say, you know, we’re not firing firefighters. But you know what? They are," she said. "Because you know who firefighters are besides the ones that don't have ‘firefighter’ in their job title? Archaeologists, engineers, biologists, executive assistants — these folks carry something called a red card. That red card means that they’re trained to fight fire. And when the fires are really hitting it at peak season, what do they do? They go drop everything that they do in their day job and they fight fire for you, to keep your and our communities safe. That is what service is."
It's a dynamic Kapa, now 27, knows well. After conducting initial attack on the lightning-caused fire above Quinn's in 2021, working alongside a handful of smokejumpers who parachuted in, "We spent two weeks, the 14 days from that day, between that fire and I think we tackled a couple others."
"After that, once we had a fire camp setup in Plains," Kapa said, "I served in truck logistics for a 14-day roll, doing deliveries and support from fire camp to the national crews that were deployed in the district."
Each of the past four summers, Kapa and the trail crews they were on spent weeks fighting wildfires — first on the Lolo, and more recently on the Bitterroot National Forest out of the West Fork Ranger District.
"We’ve been out on IAs (initial attacks), I’ve helped with wrapping historic buildings and guarding those with engines, doing road (closure) guards on the Magruder Corridor and protecting structures," they recounted. "We logged out burnt trees that were falling onto the road daily, and eventually did a back-burn from some historic structures and thinned out some hazard trees that were around there as well."
'There’s a lot of things that go on behind the scenes'
Red-carded Forest Service workers who aren't primarily firefighters do much more than the work traditionally associated with firefighting, particularly on large, complex incidents. While crews of primary firefighters may handle the bulk of direct and indirect work like constructing containment lines, laying water hoses and thinning vegetation, many people are needed to handle everything from heavy equipment operation and supply distribution to vehicle fleet maintenance and accounting — and they all likely have other, non-fire primary jobs.
"What people don’t realize … in order for me and my crew to operate, there’s a lot of things that go on behind the scenes," said a longtime senior operations official in the Forest Service who spoke on the condition of anonymity due to fear of retaliation for discussing the impact of the mass firings. "There’s all these things that we’re scratching our head about, saying, how are we going to do this without these people?"
Montanans, workers warn mass Forest Service layoffs will impact public lands, recreation
The "fire militia" is sometimes the term within the agency of red-carded workers who drop their normal jobs to work fires.
Generally, they said, it's "a person who’s got a little bit of fire experience and understands how not to get burned up or killed ... there’s a ton of those people, and a lot of those guys also got removed."
Kara Bond, for example, was a full-time archaeologist for the Bitterroot National Forest who also had her red card and was certified to operate unmanned aerial systems — drones. Bond previously told the Missoulian she had plans to attend a Forest Service training this year that would allow her to perform remote-ignition flights on wildfires.
Technological advancements like that, the official said, allow for quicker, more effective and safer initial attack and ongoing firefighting — but they're only possible if people like Bond hold a red card and train for a specialized role in firefighting.
Bond was fired Feb. 14.
The firings have reduced the Forest Service's advancements in firefighting tactics, the official said, meaning that while ever-larger and faster-spreading fires become the norm in the West, the agency's ability to fight them has regressed.
The official worried that the firings — even just loss of sheer staff numbers, regardless of specialty — would make it harder for remaining firefighters to catch and contain new fire starts while they're still small.
"Sometimes it makes the difference between catching something before it gets so big … every fire has a moment that it’s fairly manageable, and it might be a grind but you’re going to be able to shut it down before it’s this massive time (and) resource black hole," the official said. "And then they hit a tipping point. And when it hits that tipping point, it goes from being manageable and being something we can deal with to being this juggernaut that we’re going to be living with until it snows."
Kapa noted that having more local resources who can drop everything and perform initial attack "helps keep so many small fires from blowing up and merging together." Red-carded workers, they noted, also help the agency shuffle resources nationally during especially difficult fire seasons by staying on their home forest while primary fire crews decamp to other forests or regions where they're needed on large incidents.
"So many actual fire crews travel across the country to help support when fires blow up and need additional support. It’s just the volume of people that support large complex fires, there’s definitely going to be that dwindling and gone," Kapa said. "Some places, depending on how crews are run, maybe sometimes trail crews can’t go and do IA for some reason, but they have served in various positions at these massive fire camps. And that’s all going to be lacking, in addition to the fact that sometimes you just need more bodies,” because people are shuffling around regionally and nationally. “There’s just going to be so many less numbers to travel around to help tackle fires and get the IA done before we have these massive fires."
'Everyone in the Forest Service was helping'
Shelby Nall, 33, worked trail crew for the Forest Service and held a red card starting in 2018, save for one year working for Montana Conservation Corps as a trail crew leader. During her first season, when she worked in Alaska, most of her fellow trail workers, except her small three-person crew, were sent to the Lower 48 to fight fires — even her own crew's leader went.
"So many people who weren’t fire were getting pulled," she recalled. "Everyone was gone."
The next year, 2019, she was working on a trail crew out of Philipsburg when a wildfire ignited near Butte.
"We were out on a day trip doing log work and they radioed my boss" to assemble more fire crews, she said. He "immediately brought in a four-wheeler and brought me out," and that afternoon she was on the fire, where she would remain for a week performing fuels reduction and other structure protection work.
In 2022, Nall was sent to the Salmon-Challis National Forest to enforce road closures around the massive and explosively growing Moose fire on the Salmon River west of North Fork.
"That fire was honestly so huge that everyone in the Forest Service was helping with it," she recalled.
Even if the Forest Service retains some capacity for initial attack and other core wildland firefighting functions, Nall said, public safety could be at risk if the agency lacks the personnel for things like road closures.
"I feel like on paper it seems like maybe they’ll have enough people to do initial-attack type stuff," she said, "but not all the other stuff."
On Sunday, Stone-Manning packaged the potential danger from reduced firefighting capacity as a call to action: "When the fires start this summer and you’re not protected, you need to get in touch with your elected leaders and let them know how mad you are."
Missoulian reporter Sam Wilson contributed reporting to this story.