DBaker,
The field is wide open ahead of you. Will your pursuits be strictly upland game? If you want a dog that will do waterfowl as well, stick with the retrievers. If upland only,there are alot of options on dogs, but basically can be grouped in 2 main groups. Flushing and pointing dogs.
Flushing breeds include the labs and springers. The popular pointing breeds are German shorthair, Brittany, German Wirehair, Visla, Weimeraner, pudelpointer. The sky is the limit as far as budget.
I firmly believe you can get a quality dog for $500 or less. This may qualify as blasphemy, but you don't need an AKC dog to be a top notch hunter. My first introduction to chukar hunting in Idaho was over a brit/gsp mix. That dog was a fine tuned hunting machine. The result of your dog is directly equivalent of the amount of time and consistency of training. For a training guide, I recommend Wolters' book Gun Dog. Videos are available as well. Read the book a few times BEFORE you get serious about dog shopping.
For guns use whatever you feel comfortable with. Single, double, pump, auto. Doesn't matter what name is on the shooting iron.
Myself, I have a little GSP and shoot a Beretta auto.