Litter size significantly increased in the removal area 2 years after the beginning of exploitation. However, changes in litter size were confounded by changes in the prey base. Litter size was significantly related to rabbit abundance, while rodent abundance was less of a factor influencing reproductive effort. Accounting for both changes in prey abundance and coyote density, litter size was significantly related to total prey abundance/coyote. With increasing prey and reduced coyote density, mean litter size doubled in the removal area compared to pre-removal levels; females in the non-removal area also increased litter size in response to increased rabbit abundance. Litter sex ratio favored males during years of no exploitation, changing to a preponderance of females during the 2 years of exploitation. Reproduction by yearlings increased from 0 % in years prior to exploitation, to 20% following 2 years of coyote removal.